来源:沪江留学网
在雅思小作文中,流程图和地图题无疑对于广大考生来说都有不小的威胁,很多考生在遇到此类型的题目时,会变得手足无措,不知道应该从何写起。许多考生抱着侥幸的心里,往往不重视此类小众题目的备考,结果作文分数受到了很大的影响。在本系列文章中,专家将着重对雅思写作地图题做一个深度解析。
我们用两个经典的地图题真题为例,在近两年出现的数次地图题中,多数都是属于这类“三格地图”。
WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
在审题过程中我们需要特别注意以下几点:
1. 时态:关注时态是小作文能否取得高分的关键,同样对于地图题,我们也应该很好地注意时态,本文的时间是明确的,都是过去的时间,因此全文应当使用一般过去时。
2. 顺序:该图属于动态的地图题,这种类型的地图题一律按照时间顺序来写。在这道题中,也就是按照图的顺序依次来写,不要把元素拆开。如果是静态的地图题(即不涉及时间变化的题型),则按照空间顺序来写。在描述单幅地图时,我们可以采取上北下南的顺序描述,或者从左到右的顺序也可以,但值得注意的是,如果地图上有明显的方向标示,那就要根据这个标示来描述。
下面我们一起来分析文章的写作。
第一段:Introduction
引言段就是把题目进行改写。原文中的diagram,可以替换成figure,原文中的shows,可以改为illustrate, demonstrate, reveal, indicate等词。宾语development,可以替换成transformations,也可以改为宾语从句how the village of Kelsby developed/ changed. 题目中给出的时间比较模糊,可以具体化为in 1780, 1860 and 2000。
【例文】The three maps illustrate how the village of Kelsby changed in 1780, 1860 and 2000.
第二段:描述1780年的地图
1780年的情况只涉及到静态的数据,因此只需要用存在句即可表达,不涉及任何变化的单词。但是,考生非常容易把这些元素全部用there be这个句型来表达,从而导致句式单一。表示存在的句型除了there be之外,还有非常简单的have句型,还有lie/ be located/ be situated这样的结构。另外还有一种倒装句型,比如“桌子上面有一本书”,可以翻译为on the desk is a book.
除此之外,要注意几个元素的顺序问题。这里有四大元素:住宅区homes,树林woods,农场farms,还有一条河流river。理论上只要按照一定的空间顺序(比如顺时针、逆时针,从左到右)都是可以的,但是要考虑家庭数量的变化是导致其它所有变化的根本原因,因此建议先写住宅区homes。
还有就是土地单位的表达,land是不可数名词,因此不能说a land,只能说a piece of land。为了表达更加精确,可以用a plot of land(一小块),a stretch of(一长片),a large expanse of(一大片)。
另外提醒考生们还要注意方位词的表达。地图题中常用的方位词有:in the east/ west/ south/ north of ...;in the eastern/ western/ southern northern part of ...; 如果是在角落,可以用in the southwestern corner of ...;在河流的上/下游:at the lower/ upper reaches of the river;在河岸:alongside the riverbank; 在河流的南端:at the southern end of the river.
【例文】In 1780, Kelsby had only 100 homes. There was a large expanse of woods in the eastern part of the village and four plots of farmland in the centre. In the west was a river flowing from north to south.
第三段:描述1860年的地图
这一年的变化并没有时间先后,因此还是按照空间顺序来进行。图上多了一个元素,即道路和桥梁的修建。需要特别注意的是,因为考虑到和上文的呼应,这两个元素一定要放在后面讲,而家庭数量的增加和农场、树林面积的减少应当先讲。这个原则我们简称叫“先拆后建”原则。
第二点是时间的表达问题。上文中刚刚出现过in 1780,这里还是用in 1860的话,句式上就会出现重复。因此可以按照动态图里面学过的表达方法,把年份用作主语,用saw/ witnessed这两个词把数据引出来。
第三点是“建”这个词的英文表达。常见的词有build, construct(一般建筑物),erect(高大的建筑物),establish/ set up(无建筑的物体或抽象的机构),pave(道路的修建)。另外,如果涉及到拆除,则需要记住demolish, pull down, knock down这些单词。需要重点指出的是,这些表示“建”和“拆”的词都应当使用被动语态,这一点和普通流程图是一致的。
【例文】The year 1860 saw a doubling of the number of homes, but the size of farmland and woods was halved. In the same year, a bridge was constructed over the river and a road was paved linking the river to the residences.
第四段:描述2000年的地图
首先还是时间的表达,这里可以再换一种结构,比如140 years later/ After 140 years。首先还是“先拆后建”,先说树林农场彻底消失,然后再交代新的元素:学校和操场。要记住的是,道路是不需要交代方位的,只需要把起点和终点表达出来即可,用link A to B或者connect A with B这类词组连接。因此,道路的描写应放到学校、操场的后面。
【例文】140 years later, the number of homes more than doubled to 500, but farms and woods completely disappeared. In their places, several school buildings and sports facilities were constructed at the south-eastern corner of the village, which were connected with the residential areas in the north via a newly-build road. Some shops opened up along the river bank and a large stretch of wetland for birds was established at the southern end of the river.
让我们再来看一道典型的雅思写作地图题:
The map below is of the town of Garlsdon. A new supermarket (S) is planned for the town. The map shows two possible sites for supermarket.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
开头段
The map shows two proposed locations for a new supermarket for the town of Garlsdon.
点明了这张图的主题,two proposed locations for a new supermarket
主体一段
The first potential location (S1) is outside the town itself, and is sited just off the main road to the town of Hindon, lying 12 kms to the north-west.
说明了S1的具体位置,指明了两点,位置outside the town, 交通off the main road to the town of Hindon
(Hindon is) lying 12 kms to the north-west (of S1),方位关系是地图的一个难点
?让我们先看看新概念三第一课中的一句话 A wild puma had been spotted forty-five mile south of London 在伦敦以南45英里处发现了一只美洲狮
我们再举一个牛津高阶的例子 a town to the east of Chicago 芝加哥以东的一个城镇
This site is in the countryside and so would be able to accommodate a lot of car parking.
议论位置in the countryside (outside the town itself)的好处
This would make it accessible to shoppers from both Hindon and Garlsdon who could travel by car.
议论交通just off the main road的好处
As it is also close to the railway line linking the two towns to Cransdon (25 km to the south-west), a potentially large number of shoppers would also be able to travel by train.
谈到了第二个交通the railway line,并且说明其好处
(Cransdon is) 25 km to the south-west (of S2) 把这些表示方位关系的表达填写完整,就很明白了
主体二段
In contrast, the suggested location, S2, is right in the town centre, which would be good for local residents.
说明S2位置 (in the town centre),并且说明了其好处
Theoretically the store could be accessed by road or rail from the surrounding towns, including Bransdon, but as the central area is a no-traffic zone, cars would be unable to park and access would be difficult.
说明了交通状况(road, rail), 并且说明其不利之处
结尾段
Overall, neither site is appropriate for all the towns, but for customers in Cransdon, Hindon and Garlsdon, the out-of-town site (S1) would probably offer more advantages.
总结一下S1和S2的优劣,指出S1可能更合适
词汇句型积累
表达两者位置之间的相对关系是描述地图的难点,下面将具体说明:
方位介词in, to, on的使用
A is in the east of B 指A位于B的范围之内,即A位于B的东部地区
Shanghai is in the east of China. 上海在中国东部。
A is to the east of B 指A在B以东,即A位于B以东
Japan is to the east of China. 日本在中国以东。
A is on the east of B 指A在B以东,并且接壤,当然,接壤也可以用to表示
The US is on the south of Canada. 美国在加拿大以南。
方位词的词性
[adj] North America
[n] The town is to the south of London.
[adv] The room faces south, so we get a lot of sun.
Edinburge is (a long way) north of London.
a town east of Tianjin
通过本系列中两篇经典的雅思写作地图题,相信考生们都应该掌握了地图题的基本写作步骤和注意事项,希望大家在备考过程中做到全面复习,不要因为此类题目出现频率低就忽视。